Once the early steps of faith are behind you, the reading deepens — and so does the vocabulary. The terms gathered here are the words you will meet in richer teaching, older commentaries and weightier sermons. None of them is beyond you. Each is simply a piece of shorthand the church has worn smooth over the centuries, and learning them opens the door to a fuller understanding of what we believe. As before, wherever a verse is mentioned you can hover or tap to read it.
Jump to a word:
Apocrypha · Apologetics · Canon · Doxology · Ecclesiology · Eschatology · Exegesis & Eisegesis · Expiation · Federal Headship · General & Special Revelation · Glorification · Hermeneutics · Hypostatic Union · Imputation · Kenosis · The Omni- Attributes · Parousia · Pentateuch · Pneumatology · Propitiation · Providence · Reconciliation · Regeneration · Septuagint · Soteriology · Sovereignty of God · Theophany · Typology
Apocrypha
The Apocrypha is a collection of writings that appear in some Bibles between the Old and New Testaments. Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions regard several of them as Scripture, while Protestant traditions value them as useful but do not place them among the inspired books. Knowing what they are explains why some Bibles are noticeably thicker than others.
Apologetics
Apologetics is the reasoned defence of the Christian faith. The word comes from a Greek term meaning ‘to give an answer’, and Scripture itself urges believers to be ready to explain the hope they carry (1 Peter 3:15). It is faith seeking to be understood, not faith apologising for itself.
Canon
The canon is the recognised list of books that make up the Bible. Drawn from a Greek word for a measuring rod, it speaks of the standard by which the church discerned which writings were truly Scripture. The books we hold today were received, not invented, by the early church.
Doxology
A doxology is a short outburst of praise to God, often closing a prayer, psalm or letter. The word means ‘words of glory’. Paul breaks into doxology more than once when the wonder of God’s mercy overtakes his argument (Romans 11:36).
Ecclesiology
Ecclesiology is the study of the church — what it is, how it is meant to live, and why it matters. The New Testament pictures the church not as a building but as a body and a family, joined to Christ its head (Ephesians 1:22-23).
Eschatology
Eschatology is the study of the ‘last things’ — death, judgement, the return of Christ, and the life to come. Far from being mere speculation about the future, it shapes how believers live with hope in the present (1 Thessalonians 4:13-14).
Exegesis and Eisegesis
Exegesis is the careful drawing-out of a passage’s intended meaning, listening to what the text actually says. Its opposite, eisegesis, is reading one’s own ideas into the text instead. Faithful study aims always for the first and guards against the second.
Expiation
Expiation refers to the removal and covering of sin and its guilt. Where the related word propitiation speaks of turning aside God’s righteous anger, expiation speaks of the cleansing of the sinner. Both meet at the cross, where sin is dealt with fully (Hebrews 9:26).
Federal Headship
Federal headship is the idea that one person can represent and act on behalf of many. Scripture presents Adam as the head of the old humanity and Christ as the head of the new — what each did carries consequences for all who belong to him (Romans 5:18-19).
General and Special Revelation
General revelation is what God makes known of Himself to everyone through creation and conscience (Romans 1:20). Special revelation is what He discloses through Scripture and supremely through Christ. The first prompts us to seek; the second shows us whom we have found.
Glorification
Glorification is the final step of salvation, when believers are made wholly like Christ and freed forever from sin and death (Romans 8:30). It is the destination towards which the whole Christian life is quietly travelling.
Hermeneutics
Hermeneutics is the art and discipline of interpreting Scripture rightly — taking into account its context, its kind of writing, and its place in the wider story. Good hermeneutics keeps us from twisting the text and helps its meaning shine through clearly.
Hypostatic Union
The hypostatic union is the truth that Jesus is one person in whom two natures, fully divine and fully human, are joined without confusion or division (Colossians 2:9). It safeguards the wonder that the One who made us became one of us.
Imputation
Imputation is the crediting of something to a person’s account. In the gospel, our sin was credited to Christ and His righteousness credited to us (2 Corinthians 5:21). It is the great exchange at the heart of how we are saved.
Kenosis
Kenosis refers to the self-emptying of Christ, who, though equal with God, laid aside His privileges to take the form of a servant (Philippians 2:6-7). It does not mean He ceased to be God, but that He veiled His glory to dwell among us.
The Omni- Attributes
Three words describe God’s boundless nature: omnipotence, that He is all-powerful; omniscience, that He knows all things; and omnipresence, that He is present everywhere at once (Psalm 139:7-10). Together they tell us there is no place, no problem and no secret beyond Him.
Parousia
Parousia is a Greek word meaning ‘arrival’ or ‘presence’, used in the New Testament for the second coming of Christ (Matthew 24:27). It names the church’s great hope — that the One who came in humility will return in glory.
Pentateuch
The Pentateuch is the name for the first five books of the Bible — Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Traditionally associated with Moses, they lay the foundation for everything that follows in the story of God and His people.
Pneumatology
Pneumatology is the study of the Holy Spirit — His person, His work and His gifts. The word comes from the Greek for ‘breath’ or ‘spirit’. It explores how God Himself dwells within and empowers His people (John 14:16-17).
Propitiation
Propitiation is the turning aside of God’s righteous judgement against sin. Scripture teaches that Jesus is the propitiation for our sins (1 John 2:2) — bearing in Himself what we deserved, so that mercy could flow freely to us.
Providence
Providence is God’s wise and loving governing of all things, guiding both history and the smallest detail of our lives towards His good purposes (Romans 8:28). It assures us that nothing is wasted and nothing is outside His care.
Reconciliation
Reconciliation is the restoring of a broken relationship. The gospel announces that God, through Christ, has reconciled us to Himself and entrusted us with the same ministry towards others (2 Corinthians 5:18-19). Enemies are made friends, and strangers are brought home.
Regeneration
Regeneration is the new birth — the inward, life-giving work of the Holy Spirit by which a person is made spiritually alive (John 3:3). It is not self-improvement but a fresh beginning that only God can give.
Septuagint
The Septuagint is the early Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, made roughly two centuries before Christ. Often abbreviated LXX, it was widely used in Jesus’ day and is frequently quoted in the New Testament. It reminds us that translating Scripture for ordinary readers is an ancient and honoured work.
Soteriology
Soteriology is the study of salvation — how God rescues, forgives and restores us through Christ. The word comes from the Greek for ‘saviour’. It gathers grace, faith, the cross and the empty tomb into one great theme: how the lost are found.
Sovereignty of God
The sovereignty of God is His supreme rule over all that exists. Nothing happens outside His authority, and no power can finally thwart His purposes (Daniel 4:35). Rightly understood, it is not a cold doctrine but a deep comfort.
Theophany
A theophany is a visible appearance of God to people in the Bible — such as the burning bush before Moses, or the figure who wrestled with Jacob (Exodus 3:2-6). These moments are glimpses of a God who draws near to make Himself known.
Typology
Typology is the way persons, events and objects in the Old Testament foreshadow greater realities fulfilled in Christ. The Passover lamb, for instance, points forward to Jesus, the Lamb of God (1 Corinthians 5:7). It shows the two Testaments woven into a single, deliberate design.
A growing vocabulary is not the goal in itself — it is a set of keys. Each word here unlocks a room in the great house of the faith, and the more rooms you can enter, the more clearly you will see how beautifully the whole house is built.
Going deeper can be heavy work.
As you press further into the things of God, keep your heart well too. Overcoming Mental Battles is a gentle, faith-filled workbook to help you find peace and steady your mind in God’s promises.
